Compounds

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for its effects on adipose metabolism, NAD+ preservation, and methylation balance.

Abaloparatide

A synthetic 34-amino-acid peptide analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), abaloparatide is an FDA-approved bone anabolic agent used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis by selectively stimulating osteoblast-mediated bone formation with reduced hypercalcemic potential compared to teriparatide.

ACE-031

An investigational activin receptor type IIB–Fc fusion protein studied as a ligand trap for myostatin and related TGF-beta superfamily members in muscle research.

Corticotropin (ACTH)

A 39-amino-acid anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal cortex, serving as the central effector of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response axis and the precursor from which alpha-MSH is derived.

Activin A

A homodimeric protein composed of two inhibin βA subunits, belonging to the TGF-β superfamily, that regulates FSH secretion, erythroid differentiation, embryonic mesoderm induction, wound healing, and inflammation through ActRII/ALK4 receptor signaling.

Activin

A dimeric TGF-beta superfamily member composed of inhibin beta subunits that stimulates FSH secretion, regulates reproductive function, influences muscle mass, and plays diverse roles in development, inflammation, and tissue repair.

Adamax

Adamax is a research polypeptide nootropic reported to combine features of Semax-like and Selank-like activity in cognitive models.

Adiponectin

A 244-amino acid adipokine uniquely abundant in plasma that enhances insulin sensitivity, promotes fatty acid oxidation, and exerts anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects — with levels paradoxically decreasing as body fat increases.

Adipotide

Adipotide is a proapoptotic peptide designed to target adipose-tissue vasculature, studied in preclinical obesity models for adipose-specific fat reduction.

Adrenomedullin

A 52-amino acid vasodilatory peptide of the CGRP superfamily originally isolated from pheochromocytoma tissue, now recognized as a multifunctional regulator of vascular tone, endothelial barrier integrity, and immune responses — with significant interest as both a sepsis biomarker and a potential therapeutic.

Afamelanotide

A synthetic 13-amino-acid analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, afamelanotide is an FDA-approved melanocortin 1 receptor agonist administered as a subcutaneous implant to increase pain-free light exposure in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.

Agouti-Related Peptide

A 132-amino acid hypothalamic neuropeptide expressed exclusively in arcuate nucleus AgRP/NPY neurons, functioning as a potent endogenous inverse agonist at melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors and serving as one of the most powerful orexigenic signals in the brain.

AHK-Cu

A copper-binding tripeptide closely related to GHK-Cu, studied primarily in hair follicle and dermal research contexts.

AICAR

A cell-permeable nucleotide analog that activates AMP-activated protein kinase, widely used as a research tool in metabolism and endurance studies.

Alarelin

Albiglutide

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (Alpha-MSH)

A 13-amino-acid neuropeptide derived from POMC that regulates melanogenesis, appetite, energy homeostasis, and inflammation through the melanocortin receptor system, and serves as the parent molecule of the anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV.

Alprostadil

A synthetic form of prostaglandin E1 studied as a vasodilator for erectile dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease, and ductus arteriosus patency in neonates.

Angiotensin-(1-7)

A seven-amino acid peptide formed primarily by ACE2-mediated cleavage of angiotensin II, acting through the Mas receptor as the principal effector of the protective, counterregulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system with vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic actions.

Angiotensin II

An eight-amino-acid peptide hormone central to blood pressure regulation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and the target of some of the most widely prescribed cardiovascular medications.

ANP

A 28-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by atrial cardiomyocytes in response to atrial stretch, ANP regulates blood pressure and fluid homeostasis through vasodilation, natriuresis, and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, functioning as one of the heart's primary counter-regulatory endocrine signals.

AOD-9604

A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) studied for fat metabolism and lipolysis without the diabetogenic, growth-promoting, or IGF-1-elevating effects of full-length hGH.

Apelin

An endogenous peptide hormone existing in multiple bioactive forms (apelin-13, -17, -36) that signals through the APJ receptor — a close relative of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor — with potent roles in cardiovascular regulation, fluid balance, angiogenesis, and metabolic homeostasis.

ARA-290

An 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the helix B region of erythropoietin, studied for innate repair receptor-mediated tissue protection without hematopoietic effects.

Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-3)

A synthetic hexapeptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation to reduce neuromuscular exocytosis, marketed as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin for the reduction of expression lines.

Beta-Endorphin

A 31-amino-acid endogenous opioid peptide derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC), acting primarily at mu-opioid receptors to modulate pain perception, reward, and stress responses, and famously associated with the 'runner's high' phenomenon.

Bivalirudin

A synthetic 20-amino-acid peptide anticoagulant that directly and reversibly inhibits thrombin, derived from the medicinal leech protein hirudin, used primarily during percutaneous coronary intervention as an alternative to heparin.

BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide)

A 32-amino-acid cardiac hormone released in response to ventricular wall stress, serving as the primary biomarker for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis, with the synthetic form (nesiritide) approved for acute decompensated heart failure.

Bortezomib

BPC-157

A 15-amino-acid peptide derived from human gastric juice protein BPC, extensively studied in animal models for its role in tissue repair, cytoprotection, and wound healing acceleration.

Bradykinin-2 (Kallidin / Lys-Bradykinin)

A decapeptide (Lys-bradykinin, or kallidin) of the kinin system generated by tissue kallikrein from low-molecular-weight kininogen, representing the tissue-derived counterpart to plasma bradykinin, acting through B2 and after conversion through B1 kinin receptors.

Bradykinin

A vasoactive nonapeptide generated by the kallikrein-kinin system, bradykinin is a central mediator of inflammation, pain, vasodilation, and vascular permeability with clinical relevance in ACE inhibitor pharmacology and hereditary angioedema.

Bromantane

Bromantane is a Russian-developed adamantane derivative studied as an atypical psychostimulant and adaptogen with mild dopaminergic effects.

Bronchogen

A synthetic Khavinson-class tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) studied in Russian research traditions for bronchial tissue support.

Buserelin

Cagrilintide

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog investigated for weight management, often studied in combination with GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Calcitonin

A 32-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by thyroid parafollicular C-cells that inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, with salmon calcitonin widely used in osteoporosis management.

Carfilzomib

Carnosine

A naturally occurring dipeptide (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) concentrated in skeletal muscle and brain tissue, studied for its antioxidant, pH buffering, anti-glycation, and potential anti-aging properties.

Cartalax

A synthetic Khavinson-class tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) studied for effects on cartilage and joint tissue in Russian bioregulator research.

Casomorphin

A family of opioid-active peptides released from β-casein of milk during digestion, representing the paradigmatic exorphins — opioid peptides derived from dietary proteins — with β-casomorphin-7 being the most studied form.

Cerebrolysin Peptide Fragments

Cerebrolysin peptide fragments are the short bioactive peptides within Cerebrolysin that mediate its neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in research models.

Cerebrolysin

A porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids, approved in over 40 countries for stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia, though not FDA-approved in the United States.

CGRP

A 37-amino-acid neuropeptide and potent vasodilator derived from alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene, CGRP is the primary molecular target in the modern anti-migraine drug revolution including monoclonal antibodies and gepant antagonists.

Cholecystokinin

A peptide hormone and neuropeptide produced by I cells of the duodenum and neurons of the central nervous system, cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and satiety signaling, serving as a key coordinator of postprandial digestive and metabolic responses.

CJC-1295 with DAC

A long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone analog featuring a Drug Affinity Complex that extends its half-life to approximately 6-8 days through albumin binding, enabling sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation.

CJC-1295

A synthetic analog of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) available in two forms — with and without Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) — studied for sustained stimulation of pituitary GH secretion.

CNP (C-Type Natriuretic Peptide)

The third member of the natriuretic peptide family that functions primarily as a local paracrine regulator of bone growth, vascular tone, and cartilage development — and the parent molecule from which the achondroplasia drug vosoritide was derived.

Collagen Peptides

Hydrolyzed fragments of collagen protein available in Types I, II, and III, studied in clinical trials for effects on skin health, joint function, and connective tissue support.

Copper Peptides

A class of short peptides complexed with copper(II) ions that regulate tissue remodeling, collagen synthesis, wound healing, and hair growth through metalloenzyme activation and gene expression modulation.

Cortagen

Cortagen is a Khavinson-class short peptide assigned in the bioregulator framework to cerebral cortex function and cognitive research.

Cortistatin

A somatostatin-related cortical neuropeptide discovered in 1996 that shares the same receptors as somatostatin but has distinct effects on slow-wave sleep, cortical GABAergic activity, and inflammation — also binding the ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a.

Crystagen

A synthetic Khavinson-class tetrapeptide (Glu-Trp-Asp-Arg) studied for effects on thymic tissue and immune regulation.

Defensins

A family of small, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides central to innate immunity, with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses through membrane disruption and immunomodulation.

Degarelix

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist, degarelix is an FDA-approved treatment for advanced prostate cancer that achieves rapid testosterone suppression without the initial hormonal surge (flare) associated with GnRH agonists.

Dermorphin

A seven-amino-acid opioid peptide originally isolated from the skin of South American tree frogs, approximately 30-40 times more potent than morphine at the mu-opioid receptor.

Desmopressin

A synthetic analog of vasopressin (ADH) with enhanced antidiuretic potency and negligible vasopressor activity, used clinically for diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, and certain bleeding disorders.

Dihexa

A hexapeptide analog of angiotensin IV reported to be up to seven times more potent than BDNF at promoting hepatocyte growth factor signaling, studied primarily for cognitive enhancement and synaptogenesis in animal models.

DSIP

A naturally occurring nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit brain in 1977, studied for its role in sleep regulation, stress response modulation, and neuroendocrine function.

Dulaglutide

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist fused to a modified IgG4-Fc domain, approved for type 2 diabetes with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit. Marketed as Trulicity by Eli Lilly.

Dynorphin

A family of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the prodynorphin precursor, dynorphins are the primary endogenous ligands of the kappa-opioid receptor and are implicated in pain modulation, stress responses, dysphoria, addiction neurobiology, and neuroendocrine regulation.

Elabela (ELA / Apela / Toddler)

A 32-amino acid endogenous APJ receptor ligand identified independently by three research groups in 2013-2014 — as Toddler in zebrafish embryogenesis, Apela/ELA through bioinformatics, and Elabela in cardiac development — representing the second peptide agonist of the APJ receptor alongside apelin.

Endomorphin-1

An endogenous tetrapeptide discovered in 1997 with the highest known affinity and selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor of any natural ligand, playing a central role in endogenous pain modulation and serving as a template for opioid analgesic research.

Endomorphin

A pair of tetrapeptides (endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2) discovered in 1997 that exhibit the highest known selectivity and affinity for the mu-opioid receptor among all endogenous opioid peptides, suggesting they are the brain's primary mu-receptor ligands.

Endothelin-1

A 21-amino-acid peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells and the most potent known endogenous vasoconstrictor, implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease, with endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan, macitentan) as established therapeutics.

Enfuvirtide

Enkephalins

The first endogenous opioid peptides to be discovered, met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are pentapeptides that preferentially activate delta-opioid receptors to modulate pain perception, reward, mood, and immune function, serving as the body's intrinsic analgesic signaling molecules.

Epithalon

A synthetic tetrapeptide studied for telomerase activation, pineal gland regulation, and lifespan extension in animal models, based on decades of research by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology.

Erythropoietin

A hypoxia-regulated glycoprotein cytokine that drives red blood cell production, available as recombinant forms for anemia research and treatment.

Eptifibatide

A synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from a protein in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake, eptifibatide is an FDA-approved glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist used as an intravenous antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention.

Exenatide

The first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes, derived from exendin-4 found in Gila monster venom. Marketed as Byetta (twice-daily) and Bydureon (once-weekly extended-release).

Exendin-4

Exendin-4 is a 39-residue GLP-1 receptor agonist originally isolated from Gila monster venom, and the parent molecule of the synthetic drug exenatide.

FGF21

FGF21 is a liver-derived metabolic hormone of the fibroblast growth factor family that regulates energy balance, glucose handling, and macronutrient preference.

FGL

FGL is a short peptide mimetic of NCAM's FGFR-binding site, studied for neurotrophic, cognitive, and neuroprotective activity.

Follistatin

A naturally occurring glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes members of the TGF-beta superfamily — most notably myostatin and activin — studied extensively for its role in muscle growth regulation, reproductive biology, and as a potential therapeutic target for muscle-wasting conditions.

FOXO4-DRI

A D-retro-inverso peptide research tool designed to disrupt FOXO4–p53 interaction and selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells.

Galanin-Like Peptide

A 60-amino acid hypothalamic neuropeptide discovered in 1999 that shares a 13-amino acid core sequence with galanin, binds galanin receptors GalR1 and GalR2, and integrates leptin signals with reproductive and feeding circuits in the arcuate nucleus.

Galanin

A 30-amino-acid neuropeptide widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, galanin modulates neurotransmitter release and is involved in nociception, feeding behavior, cognition, mood regulation, and seizure threshold, signaling through three G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes.

Gastrin

A peptide hormone produced by G cells of the gastric antrum, gastrin is the principal hormonal stimulant of gastric acid secretion and exerts trophic effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa, with clinical relevance in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, atrophic gastritis, and proton pump inhibitor therapy.

GDF-15

GDF-15 is a stress-responsive cytokine that signals through the hindbrain GFRAL receptor to suppress appetite, studied in cachexia, obesity, and chemotherapy-induced nausea.

GHK-Cu

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide studied for its roles in wound healing, tissue remodeling, anti-aging gene expression, and [collagen](/wiki/collagen) synthesis.

Ghrelin

A 28-amino-acid acylated peptide hormone primarily produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite and growth hormone release through activation of the GHS-R1a receptor.

GHRP-1

An early synthetic growth hormone releasing hexapeptide developed by Cyril Bowers in the 1970s-80s, representing a historically significant step in the discovery of the ghrelin/GHS-R1a system and predating more commonly studied GHRPs (GHRP-2, GHRP-6).

GHRP-2

A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue considered the most potent GHRP by weight, with intermediate selectivity — stronger GH release than GHRP-6 with less appetite stimulation but notable cortisol and prolactin effects.

GHRP-6

A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor agonist known for potent GH release accompanied by significant appetite stimulation and broader hormonal effects.

GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 2)

A 33-amino acid proglucagon-derived intestinal peptide released from L-cells after meals, acting through the GLP-2 receptor to promote intestinal mucosal growth, enhance nutrient absorption, and maintain gut barrier function — the basis for the short bowel syndrome treatment teduglutide.

Glucagon

A 29-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, glucagon is the primary counter-regulatory hormone to insulin, elevating blood glucose through hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, with established emergency use in severe hypoglycemia.

Glutathione

A ubiquitous tripeptide (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) serving as the principal intracellular antioxidant and the central molecule in phase II detoxification, with widespread supplementation and clinical interest in oxidative stress conditions.

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A hypothalamic decapeptide that serves as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, controlling reproduction through pulsatile release patterns, with numerous synthetic analogs used clinically for fertility, cancer, and endocrine disorders.

Gonadorelin

A synthetic form of the naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic decapeptide that stimulates pituitary release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), used clinically in fertility treatment and diagnostics.

hCG

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental glycoprotein hormone used diagnostically and therapeutically in reproductive endocrinology research.

Hepcidin

Hexarelin

A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue considered the most potent GHRP for acute GH release, with notable cardiac effects documented in both preclinical and clinical research.

HGH Fragment 176-191

A 16-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone studied for lipolytic activity, closely related to AOD-9604.

Histrelin

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin

A urinary-derived gonadotropin preparation containing both FSH and LH activity, studied and used in assisted reproduction and fertility research.

Humanin

A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of mitochondrial DNA, the first MDP discovered, studied extensively for its neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective properties across multiple organ systems.

Icatibant

A synthetic decapeptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, icatibant is an FDA-approved treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema, acting by competitively blocking the vasoactive effects of bradykinin that drive tissue swelling.

IGF-1 LR3

A synthetic, extended-half-life variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with an arginine substitution at position 3 and a 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension, engineered for reduced IGF binding protein affinity and prolonged biological activity.

Inhibin

A dimeric glycoprotein hormone of the TGF-beta superfamily produced by the gonads that selectively suppresses pituitary FSH secretion, serving as a critical negative feedback signal in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Insulin

A 51-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that regulates blood glucose homeostasis, with a century-long clinical history as the primary treatment for diabetes mellitus.

Ipamorelin

A selective growth hormone secretagogue pentapeptide that stimulates GH release from the pituitary with minimal effects on cortisol, prolactin, and appetite compared to other GHRPs.

Irisin

A 112-amino acid exercise-induced myokine cleaved from the membrane protein FNDC5 that promotes the browning of white adipose tissue and enhances thermogenesis — representing a molecular link between physical activity and metabolic benefit.

Kisspeptin

A hypothalamic neuropeptide product of the KISS1 gene that functions as the primary upstream regulator of GnRH neuron activity, playing a central role in puberty onset, reproductive function, and fertility — now under clinical investigation as a novel fertility treatment.

Klotho

Klotho is an anti-aging protein that functions both as a membrane co-receptor and as a circulating hormone, with roles in phosphate handling, cognition, and longevity.

KPV

A naturally occurring anti-inflammatory tripeptide derived from the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), studied for its effects on inflammatory signaling and gut mucosal integrity.

Kyotorphin

An endogenous analgesic dipeptide (Tyr-Arg) discovered in 1979 by Takagi and colleagues in Kyoto, acting indirectly by releasing Met-enkephalin rather than through direct opioid receptor binding, and of enduring interest as the smallest endogenous neuroactive peptide.

L-Carnitine

A quaternary ammonium compound central to long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria for beta-oxidation — not a peptide but frequently catalogued alongside metabolic peptides.

Lactoferricin

A cationic antimicrobial peptide generated by pepsin cleavage of the N-terminal region of lactoferrin, first isolated by Tomita and colleagues in 1991, exhibiting broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa through membrane disruption and intracellular targets.

Lanreotide

A synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin, lanreotide is an FDA-approved long-acting somatostatin receptor agonist used to treat acromegaly and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, administered as a deep subcutaneous depot injection every 28 days.

Larazotide

Larazotide is an orally administered octapeptide tight-junction modulator studied in celiac disease and intestinal barrier research.

Leptin

A 167-amino acid adipokine produced by white adipose tissue that signals energy reserve status to the hypothalamus, functioning as the body's primary long-term satiety hormone — with leptin resistance being a central feature of common obesity.

Leuprolide

A synthetic GnRH agonist that, through sustained administration, suppresses gonadotropin release and downstream sex hormone production, used in prostate cancer, endometriosis, precocious puberty, and other hormone-dependent conditions.

Linaclotide

A synthetic 14-amino-acid peptide agonist of guanylate cyclase-C, linaclotide is an FDA-approved oral peptide used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation by stimulating intestinal fluid secretion and reducing visceral pain signaling.

Liraglutide

A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist acylated with a C16 fatty acid for albumin binding, approved for type 2 diabetes (Victoza) and chronic weight management (Saxenda).

Livagen

Livagen is a Khavinson-class short peptide assigned in the bioregulator framework to hepatic function and studied in aging and chromatin research.

Lixisenatide

LL-37

The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino-acid peptide critical to innate immune defense with broad-spectrum antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties.

Macimorelin

An orally active synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist approved as a diagnostic agent for adult growth hormone deficiency, representing the first oral growth hormone stimulation test.

Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl)

A lipopeptide cosmetic active developed by Sederma that stimulates collagen and extracellular matrix synthesis through matrikine signaling, widely used in anti-aging skincare formulations.

Mazdutide

An investigational dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist studied for weight management and type 2 diabetes, based on an oxyntomodulin-mimetic scaffold.

Melanin-Concentrating Hormone

A 19-amino acid cyclic neuropeptide of the lateral hypothalamus originally named for its skin-lightening action in fish but repurposed in mammals as an orexigenic and sleep-promoting peptide acting through the MCH1 and MCH2 receptors, with prominent roles in feeding, reward, and emotional behavior.

Melanotan I

Melanotan I is a stabilized synthetic α-MSH analog and the precursor to the approved photoprotective drug afamelanotide.

Melanotan II

A synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that activates multiple melanocortin receptors, studied for UV-free tanning with notable secondary effects on sexual arousal, appetite suppression, and fat metabolism.

Melatonin

Melatonin is the pineal indoleamine hormone that coordinates circadian rhythms and shows antioxidant and signaling activity across many tissues.

Methylene Blue

Methylene Blue is a redox-active phenothiazine dye with approved medical uses and nootropic research interest driven by its mitochondrial electron transport activity.

MGF (Mechano Growth Factor)

A splice variant of the IGF-1 gene produced in response to mechanical loading and muscle damage, studied for its role in satellite cell activation and the early phase of muscle repair.

MK-677

MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is an orally bioavailable non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist that stimulates growth hormone and IGF-1 release.

Mod GRF 1-29

A modified 29-amino-acid fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) with four amino acid substitutions for improved metabolic stability, commonly paired with GH-releasing peptides to stimulate pulsatile growth hormone secretion.

Motilin

A 22-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by M cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa that drives Phase III of the interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC), serving as the principal humoral regulator of the 'housekeeping' motility cycle during the fasted state.

MOTS-c

A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA, identified as an exercise mimetic that activates AMPK signaling and regulates metabolic homeostasis.

Myostatin

A TGF-beta superfamily member that functions as the body's primary negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass — naturally occurring loss-of-function mutations produce dramatic muscular hypertrophy in cattle, dogs, and humans.

N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate

An acetylated and amidated analog of the Khavinson tetrapeptide Epithalon, designed to improve proteolytic stability in pineal and longevity research.

N-Acetyl Selank

N-Acetyl Selank is a stabilized analog of Selank, a tuftsin-derived neuropeptide studied for anxiolytic and nootropic activity.

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a modified analog of Semax with N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation designed to increase stability and potency.

NAD+ Precursors

Compounds that elevate cellular NAD+ levels, including NMN and NR, studied for their roles in sirtuin activation, mitochondrial function, and aging biology.

Nafarelin

A synthetic GnRH agonist administered as a nasal spray, primarily used for endometriosis and central precocious puberty, offering a non-injectable route of GnRH receptor downregulation and sex hormone suppression.

Nesfatin-1

An 82-amino acid anorexigenic peptide derived from nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), identified in 2006 through subtractive cloning in the hypothalamus, reducing food intake through leptin-independent pathways and with emerging roles in stress, anxiety, glucose homeostasis, and reproduction.

Nesiritide

A recombinant form of human B-type natriuretic peptide, nesiritide is an FDA-approved intravenous vasodilator and natriuretic agent used for the treatment of acutely decompensated heart failure, acting through natriuretic peptide receptor A to reduce cardiac preload and afterload.

Neuromedin B

A 10-amino acid neuropeptide of the bombesin family originally isolated from porcine spinal cord in 1983, the mammalian counterpart of amphibian ranatensin, acting through the NMB receptor with roles in smooth muscle contraction, thermoregulation, feeding, and thyroid function.

Neuromedin U

A gut-brain neuropeptide originally isolated from porcine spinal cord in 1985 for its uterine-contracting activity, now recognized as a central regulator of feeding behavior, energy expenditure, stress responses, and circadian rhythm signaling through NMUR1 and NMUR2 receptors.

Neuropeptide S

A 20-amino acid neuropeptide discovered in 2004 by deorphanization of GPR154 (now NPSR1), named for its N-terminal serine, uniquely combining arousal-promoting and anxiolytic properties with expression in a small brainstem nucleus near the locus coeruleus.

Neuropeptide Y

A 36-amino-acid neuropeptide and one of the most abundant signaling molecules in the mammalian brain, involved in appetite stimulation, stress response, vasoconstriction, and sympathetic nervous system regulation.

Neurotensin Fragments

The C-terminal hexapeptide NT(8-13) and related fragments of neurotensin that retain full or partial receptor activity, representing the minimum active sequence and serving as templates for analogs with improved stability and BBB penetration in CNS research.

Neurotensin

A 13-amino-acid neuropeptide and gut hormone, neurotensin modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, and fat absorption, with research interest in its roles in antipsychotic-like activity, cancer progression, and metabolic regulation.

Nociceptin

A 17-amino acid neuropeptide that activates the NOP (nociceptin/orphanin FQ) receptor — structurally related to classical opioids but functionally distinct, modulating pain, anxiety, reward, and learning through a parallel but separate signaling system.

Noopept

Noopept is a synthetic proline-containing dipeptide nootropic developed in Russia, often discussed as a more potent, orally active analog of piracetam.

Obestatin

A 23-amino acid amidated peptide derived from the same preproghrelin precursor as ghrelin, originally proposed in 2005 to oppose ghrelin's orexigenic effects through the GPR39 receptor — a pharmacology that has been subsequently disputed, making obestatin a notable case study in peptide research replication.

Octreotide

A synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin with enhanced potency and prolonged duration of action, used clinically for acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, and other neuroendocrine conditions.

Opiorphin

A human pentapeptide (QRFSR) isolated from saliva in 2006 that produces analgesia not by directly activating opioid receptors but by inhibiting the enkephalin-degrading enzymes neprilysin and aminopeptidase N, thereby prolonging endogenous enkephalin action.

Orexin-A

A 33-amino acid excitatory neuropeptide produced by lateral hypothalamic neurons that serves as the primary endogenous regulator of wakefulness and arousal, with loss of orexin-producing neurons being the direct cause of type 1 narcolepsy.

Orforglipron

The first oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist in advanced clinical development, developed by Eli Lilly. Represents a potential paradigm shift from injectable peptide therapy to convenient daily pill-based incretin treatment.

Oxyntomodulin

A 37-amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide released from intestinal L-cells after meals, uniquely activating both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, combining appetite suppression and energy expenditure effects — the natural template for the dual-agonist class of metabolic drugs.

Oxytocin

A nine-amino-acid neurohormone produced in the hypothalamus, classically known for its roles in labor induction and lactation, now extensively studied for social cognition, bonding behavior, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorder via intranasal delivery.

P21 Peptide

P21 is a CNTF-derived tetrapeptide designed to mimic the active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor, studied for neurogenesis and Alzheimer's disease models.

Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1

A palmitoylated tripeptide based on the GHK matrikine sequence that stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis through TGF-beta signaling, used as a component of the Matrixyl 3000 cosmetic system.

Pancreatic Polypeptide

A 36-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by PP cells of the pancreatic islets after meals, the founding member of the PP-fold peptide family that also includes peptide YY and neuropeptide Y, acting primarily through the Y4 receptor with roles in pancreatic exocrine regulation, gastric emptying, and satiety.

Pasireotide

A synthetic cyclohexapeptide somatostatin analog with broad multi-receptor binding affinity, pasireotide is the first FDA-approved medical therapy for Cushing's disease and is also approved for acromegaly in patients inadequately controlled by first-generation somatostatin analogs.

PE-22-28

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of spadin that blocks TREK-1 potassium channels, studied in animal models for antidepressant-like effects and potential neurogenic properties.

PEG-MGF

A pegylated form of mechano growth factor, a splice variant of IGF-1 produced in response to mechanical muscle loading and studied for its role in satellite cell activation.

Pentosan Polysulfate

A semi-synthetic sulfated polysaccharide derived from beechwood hemicellulose, FDA-approved for interstitial cystitis (Elmiron) and used internationally for osteoarthritis, with structural similarity to heparin and endogenous glycosaminoglycans.

Peptide YY

A 36-amino acid gut peptide secreted by intestinal L-cells after meals, existing in two principal bioactive forms (PYY 1-36 and PYY 3-36) that differ in receptor selectivity and are key mediators of postprandial satiety acting through Y-family GPCRs.

Phentermine

Phentermine is an orally active sympathomimetic amine used as an appetite suppressant in obesity research and clinical practice.

Phoenixin

A recently discovered hypothalamic neuropeptide existing as 14- and 20-amino acid forms that signals through GPR173 to modulate anxiety, reproductive function, pain perception, and inflammation — one of the newest additions to the neuropeptide catalog.

Pinealon

Pinealon is a Khavinson-class short peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) associated with pineal and brain bioregulatory research in longevity models.

PNC-27

A 32-amino-acid research peptide derived from the p53 HDM-2 binding domain, studied for its ability to induce membranolysis selectively in cancer cells expressing surface HDM-2.

Amylin / Pramlintide

A synthetic analog of amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide), the pancreatic peptide co-secreted with insulin, approved as Symlin for diabetes management through effects on satiety, gastric emptying, and postprandial glucagon suppression.

Prokineticin-1

An 86-amino acid secreted peptide originally described as endocrine gland-derived VEGF (EG-VEGF), acting through the prokineticin receptors PKR1 and PKR2 to regulate angiogenesis in reproductive and endocrine tissues, gastrointestinal motility, and circadian function.

Prokineticin

A family of cysteine-rich secreted proteins (prokineticin 1 and 2) that signal through PKR1 and PKR2 receptors to regulate diverse processes including pain sensitization, circadian rhythms, angiogenesis, gut motility, and reproductive biology.

PT-141

A melanocortin receptor agonist (MC3R/MC4R) FDA-approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, derived from Melanotan II research.

Rapamycin

Rapamycin (sirolimus) is an mTOR inhibitor used clinically as an immunosuppressant and intensively studied for lifespan and healthspan extension.

Relaxin

An endogenous peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily, produced primarily during pregnancy to remodel connective tissue and promote hemodynamic adaptations, with investigational applications in acute heart failure and fibrotic diseases.

Retatrutide

An investigational triple incretin receptor agonist (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon) developed by Eli Lilly, representing the next frontier in metabolic pharmacotherapy with weight loss exceeding 24% in Phase 2 trials.

Romiplostim

A recombinant Fc-peptide fusion protein (peptibody) that activates the thrombopoietin receptor, romiplostim is an FDA-approved thrombopoietin receptor agonist used to stimulate platelet production in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia.

Secretin

A 27-amino-acid gastrointestinal peptide hormone historically significant as the first hormone ever identified, secretin stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and is used clinically as a diagnostic agent for pancreatic function testing and gastrinoma localization.

Selank

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, developed in Russia as an anxiolytic and nootropic with additional immunomodulatory properties.

Semaglutide

A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic) and chronic weight management (Wegovy), with emerging cardiovascular, renal, and neurological research applications.

Semax

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of ACTH(4-10) developed in Russia as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent, studied for cognitive enhancement, stroke recovery, and BDNF modulation.

Sermorelin

A 29-amino-acid synthetic analog of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) with a history of FDA approval, studied for age-related GH decline, pediatric growth deficiency, and anti-aging applications.

Setmelanotide

A synthetic cyclic octapeptide melanocortin 4 receptor agonist, setmelanotide is an FDA-approved treatment for chronic weight management in patients with obesity due to specific monogenic defects in the leptin-melanocortin signaling pathway, including POMC, PCSK1, and LEPR deficiency.

Snap-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3)

An eight-amino-acid synthetic peptide that extends the SNARE complex inhibition mechanism of Argireline, designed for deeper wrinkle reduction through enhanced competitive disruption of neuromuscular vesicle fusion.

Somatostatin

An inhibitory peptide hormone existing in 14- and 28-amino-acid forms that suppresses growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and numerous gastrointestinal secretions through five G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes.

Somatropin

Recombinant human growth hormone, a 191-amino-acid anterior pituitary peptide central to somatotropic signaling and a heavily studied therapeutic protein.

Spexin

A 14-amino acid neuropeptide identified through bioinformatics in 2007 that signals through galanin receptors GalR2 and GalR3, with emerging roles in obesity, appetite suppression, lipid metabolism, and reproduction — notable for its dramatic downregulation in human obesity.

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

A synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing electron transport chain function — the most clinically advanced mitochondria-targeted peptide, with Phase III trial data in Barth syndrome and heart failure.

Substance P

An 11-amino-acid neuropeptide involved in pain transmission, inflammation, and numerous physiological processes, acting primarily through the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor.

Survodutide

An investigational dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for NASH/MASH and obesity, leveraging glucagon-mediated hepatic fat reduction alongside incretin-driven metabolic benefits.

SYN-AKE

A synthetic tripeptide mimicking the Waglerin-1 peptide from Tropidolaemus wagleri venom, acting as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist to reduce muscle contraction and smooth expression lines.

TA-65

TA-65 is a proprietary astragalus-derived compound, predominantly cycloastragenol, studied as a telomerase activator in aging research.

TB-500

A synthetic version of the naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide Thymosin Beta-4, one of the most abundant and highly conserved actin-sequestering proteins, extensively studied for its roles in tissue repair, cell migration, and anti-inflammatory signaling.

Teriparatide

The recombinant 1-34 amino acid fragment of human parathyroid hormone, marketed as Forteo, that stimulates new bone formation through intermittent osteoblast activation for severe osteoporosis treatment.

Tesamorelin

A synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog approved by the FDA for reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy, also studied for cognitive and metabolic applications.

Tesofensine

Tesofensine is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor studied for appetite suppression and weight loss, originally investigated for neurodegenerative disease.

Thymalin

A thymic-derived peptide complex studied extensively in Russian biogerontology for immune restoration and potential life-extension properties, closely associated with the Khavinson peptide bioregulation paradigm.

Thymosin Alpha-1

A 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue, approved in over 35 countries under the trade name Zadaxin for hepatitis B and as an immune adjuvant, with extensive clinical research in infectious disease and oncology.

Thymulin

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells that promotes T-cell maturation and function, with biological activity strictly contingent on coordination of a single zinc ion — a rare example of an obligate metalloppetide hormone.

Tirzepatide

A first-in-class dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly, approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and chronic weight management (Zepbound), demonstrating weight loss exceeding 20% in clinical trials.

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A hypothalamic tripeptide that stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin release from the anterior pituitary, with additional CNS effects on mood, arousal, and neuroprotection that extend beyond its classical endocrine role.

Triptorelin

A synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist used for prostate cancer, central precocious puberty, and endometriosis, achieving sex hormone suppression through pituitary GnRH receptor downregulation after initial stimulatory phase.

Tuftsin

A natural tetrapeptide corresponding to residues 289–292 of the IgG heavy chain that stimulates macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis upon enzymatic release, named after Tufts University where it was discovered in the early 1970s.

Urocortin

A 40-amino acid neuropeptide of the corticotropin-releasing factor family with high affinity for both CRF1 and CRF2 receptors, implicated in stress adaptation, cardiac protection, appetite suppression, and anxiety modulation.

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Fragments

The collection of N-terminal, C-terminal, and internal fragments of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide that have been used to map structure-function relationships, define receptor subtype binding requirements, and generate selective agonists and antagonists at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors.

Vasopressin

A nine-amino-acid neurohormone structurally similar to oxytocin, serving as the body's primary antidiuretic hormone while also regulating blood pressure, stress responses, and social behavior through multiple receptor subtypes.

Vesugen

Vesugen is a Khavinson-class short peptide associated in the bioregulator framework with vascular wall function and endothelial research.

Vilon

Vilon is the Khavinson dipeptide Lys-Glu, studied in immune and longevity research contexts within the short-peptide bioregulator framework.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with broad physiological roles in vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, immune modulation, circadian rhythm regulation, and neuroprotection, signaling through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors.

Vosoritide

A synthetic analog of C-type natriuretic peptide, vosoritide is an FDA-approved daily subcutaneous injection that promotes linear bone growth in pediatric patients with achondroplasia by counteracting FGFR3-mediated growth plate inhibition through natriuretic peptide receptor B signaling.

Ziconotide

A synthetic 25-amino-acid peptide derived from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus magus, ziconotide is a highly selective N-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker administered intrathecally for severe chronic pain refractory to other analgesics.